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Intelligent Agents(Algorithms for Intelligent Systems)

    Unit II: Intelligent Agents   Intelligent Agents: Agents and Environments, The Concept of Rationality, The Nature of Environments (PEAS), The Structure of Agents: Simple Reflex Agents, Model-Based Reflex Agents, Goal-Based Agents, Utility-Based agents, Learning Agents. Agents and Environments: Agent An  agent  is an entity that perceives its environment through sensors and acts upon that environment through actuators. Agents can be anything from simple programs to complex systems like robots or humans. The key characteristic of an agent is its ability to take actions based on its perceptions to achieve specific goals. Environment The  environment  is the external context or world in which the agent operates. It includes everything the agent can perceive and interact with. The environment provides the agent with inputs (percepts) and receives outputs (actions) from the agent. Example Consider a  self-driving car : ...
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Clipping Algorithms

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The primary use of clipping in computer graphics is to remove objects, lines, or line segments that are outside the viewing pane. The viewing transformation is insensitive to the position of points relative to the viewing volume − especially those points behind the viewer − and it is necessary to remove these points before generating the view. Point Clipping Clipping a point from a given window is very easy. Consider the following figure, where the rectangle indicates the window. Point clipping tells us whether the given point (X, Y) is within the given window or not; and decides whether we will use the minimum and maximum coordinates of the window. The X-coordinate of the given point is inside the window, if X lies in between Wx1 ≤ X ≤ Wx2. Same way, Y coordinate of the given point is inside the window, if Y lies in between Wy1 ≤ Y ≤ Wy2. Line Clipping The concept of line clipping is same as point clipping. In line clipping, we will cut the portion of line which i...
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3D-Transformations(Including projections)

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In the 2D system, we use only two coordinates X and Y but in 3D, an extra coordinate Z is added. 3D graphics techniques and their application are fundamental to the entertainment, games, and computer-aided design industries. It is a continuing area of research in scientific visualization. Furthermore, 3D graphics components are now a part of almost every personal computer and, although traditionally intended for graphics-intensive software such as games, they are increasingly being used by other applications. Parallel Projection Parallel projection discards z-coordinate and parallel lines from each vertex on the object are extended until they intersect the view plane. In parallel projection, we specify a direction of projection instead of center of projection. In parallel projection, the distance from the center of projection to project plane is infinite. In this type of projection, we connect the projected vertices by line segments which correspond to connections o...
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